Advanced Thermodynamics
- Review of Basic Concepts and Definitions (Definition of a system, intensive and extensive properties, thermodynamic state, state functions, the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, and temperature)
- The First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal Energy (U), Work (W) and Heat (Q), Enthalpy (H), Heat Capacity at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure (Cv and Cp), Application in Materials.
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy: Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements of the second law, entropy (S) as a state function, entropy change in various processes, entropy of the universe.
- Configurational Entropy: Mixing of Ideal Gases; Boltzmann Equation (Microstate and Macrostate); Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Auxiliary Functions and Key Relations: Helmholtz free energy (A), Gibbs free energy (G), Maxwell relations, dependence of thermodynamic properties on temperature and pressure.
- Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems (Pure Substances): Phase equilibrium in pure substances, phase stability criterion, the Clapeyron-Clausius equation for calculating pressure and temperature changes in phase equilibria.
- Thermodynamics of Solutions: Basic Concepts, Gibbs Free Energy for Solutions, Partial Molar Quantities
- Thermodynamics of Solutions: Chemical Potential, Gibbs-Duhem Relation, Ideal Solutions
- Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions: Non-ideal Solutions, Raoults Law, Deviation from Ideal Behavior, Activity, Activity Coefficient, and Free Energy of Mixing
- Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems: Conditions for Equilibrium in Multi-phase and Multi-component Systems, Gibbs Phase Rule, Degrees of Freedom.
- Equilibrium in Homogeneous Chemical Systems (Gaseous): Standard Reaction Free Energy, Equilibrium Constant (K), Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant (Vant Hoff Equation). Calculation of the Equilibrium Chemical Composition of Gases in Reactions
- Equilibrium in Gas-Condensed Phase Reactive Systems: Gibbs Free Energy, Enthalpy, Determination of Equilibrium Conditions for the System, Influence of Temperature and Pressure on the Equilibrium Constant.
- Equilibrium: Equilibrium State and Stability; Reversibility/Irreversibility, Spontaneous/Nonspontaneous and Possibility
- Electrochemical Equilibrium: Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells; Calculation of Enthalpy, Entropy, and Heat Changes in an Electrochemical Cell.
- Electrochemical Cells and Their Types: Spontaneous Electrochemical Cells (Galvanic and Concentration Cells) and Nonspontaneous Cells; Reducing and Oxidizing Power.