Organic Colorants
- introduction to color and colorants,
colorants from historical point of view,
,Light and color,
classification of colorants based on their origin
Light and color,
Matter and light interaction,
Witt theory
- Beer-Lambert law,
Spectroscopic properties of colorants,
Application of Beer-Lambert law,
Spectrophotometry terms
Effect of various substitutions on color of colorants
- Michler's hydrol theory,
Phenolphthalein reagent,
Phototropy phenomenon,
Polarization
Classification of colorants based on their chemical structure,
Classification of colorants based on their application
- Introduction to raw materials, intermediates and colorants,
Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions
Mechanism of nitration and sulfonation reactions of benzene
Comparison of sulfonation and nitration reaction
- Halogenation of benzene, Halogenation mechanism, Friedel-Crafts' reaction, Alkylation and Acylation reactions, N-alkylation and N-acylation
- Oxidation Reactions, Reduction reaction, Bechamp method, Fierz-David method, Hydrolysis reactions, amination reactions, Carboxylation reaction (Kolbe-schmitt), inductive effect, mesomeric effect (resonance effect), Alkali Fusion reaction
- Activating and deactivating groups, ortho, meta and para directing groups, orientation mechanism, effect of steric on electrophilic aromatic substitutions reactions, additivity of effects, trisubstituted benzene and their synthetic method, nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions and mechanism
- Production of intermediates based on naphthalene, nitration, sulfonation, halogenation and oxidation reaction on naphthalene. Orientation of electrophilic substitution reaction on naphthalene devivatives, alkali fution and amination reactions on naphthalene, Buchere reaction
- Production of intermediates based on anthraquinone, nitration, sulfonation, halogenation and oxidation, hydrolysis and amination reactions on anthraquinone.
Types of intermediates, determination of coupling position on intermediates, Bromamine acid, Applications of Bromamine acid, Benzidine rearrangement, Mechanism of Benzidine rearrangement
- Diazotization reaction, examples of intermediate with primary amine groups, examples of coupling components, diazotization methods, Mechanism of diazotization of primary aromatic amines, Side reactions in diazotization and coupling reactions, application of diazotization in synthesis of intermediates
- Synthesis of important intermediate based of naphthalene, investigation on technical key points in synthesis of intermediates, alkali fusion reaction of naphthalene derivatives, desulfonation reaction of naphthalene derivatives
- Azo colorants, Tautomerism in azo colorants, synthesis of heterocyclic intermediates used in colorants
- Principle of design and synthesis of azo colorants from raw materials, synthesis of different azo colorants
- Introduction to conventional and advanced application of organic colorants, classification of pigments based on chemical structure. Chemical characterization of pigments and investigation on their application properties such as Hue, crystal modification and crystal structure, color strength, light fastness and weather fastness and effective parameters, solvent and migration fastness and effective parameters, physical characterization of pigments such as specific surface area, particle size distr
- Some points in synthesizing other pigments especially phthalocynines, comparison of application properties of different pigments