Theory of Hydro-Electrometallurgical Processes
- Presenting different definitions of extractive metallurgy, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy, examining the progress of metal extraction from a historical point of view, and predicting the future of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy processes together and in comparison with each other, discussing metal extraction flow sheets and presenting the definition of Unit Process and Operation Process.
- hermodynamic investigation of hydro-electrometallurgical processes of metals extraction including the definition of molecular and ionic solutions - ideal and non-ideal, the effect of dissolution rate on freezing and evaporation temperature of binary aqueous solutions, application of Gibbs–Duhem equation in aqueous solutions, the definition of different standards in aqueous solutions and presenting the definition of activity and molecular, ionic (cationic, anionic) and average ionic activity coef
- Definition of osmosis coefficient and relationship with solution activity coefficient and deviation from the ideal state, presentation of different models to express the activity coefficient of aqueous solutions, including the Debye-Hoeckel model and the corrected Debye-Hoeckel model, the Pitzer model, and the corrected Pitzer model, investigating the counterion effect. On the degree of dissolution of salt, the definition of hydrogen ion activity and solution pH, the definition of electron acti
- An introduction to metallurgical electrochemistry including definitions of the electrode, electrolyte (anolyte and catholyte), salt bridge, types of cells, spontaneous and non-spontaneous cell, cell potential, types of electrodes, transfer number, and electrical conductivity of solution based on practical aspects, the introduction of electrochemical series Application of the definition of electron activity from the electrochemical point of view and the introduction of equilibrium in electrochem
- Plotting of equilibrium diagrams such as Pourbeh and K_Log diagrams, explaining the practical applications of this diagram for extracting metals and comparing the use of this diagram with metal corrosion systems, drawing Pourbeh diagram in the presence of soluble complexing agents such as sulfur ions, chlorine, cyanide, thiocyanate, nitrate, etc., drawing Pourbeh diagram In the presence of the second and third metals along with practical examples in the extraction of metals
- Investigation of the kinetics of hydro and electrometallurgical processes of metal extraction, including an overview of the basics of chemical kinetics, a discussion on different kinetic models in different processes, and providing practical solutions on the methods of modeling kinetic processes with hydrometallurgical applications.
- Introduction of preparation processes including leaching and the investigation of this process from the thermodynamic and kinetic point of view and the explanation of the diagram user in the dissolution of metals from primary and secondary materials including mineral materials, process wastes, industrial wastes, and recycled materials. Introduction of industrial dissolution methods such as In-situ Leaching or Solution Mining, Heap or Damp Leaching, Vat or Speculation Leaching, and Agitation lea
- Introduction of physical purification processes, including types of filters and physical separation equipment, and chemical purification processes, including 1- chemical precipitation processes, 2- surface adsorbents (zeolites, activated carbon, ion exchangers (cationic-anionic)), and 3- solvent extractors. (Solvent Extraction) and the introduction of various types of extractors, all these discussions are accompanied by thermodynamic and kinetic studies, as well as calculations and design consi
- An introduction to reduction processes includes chemical and electrochemical reduction and ... . voltage calculations and other cases. In addition, all these discussions are accompanied by thermodynamic and kinetic investigations, as well as calculations and design considerations, and examples.
- Discussions include theoretical aspects and new methods of solution and bioleaching, solution selection algorithm and solution methods, design principles of solution reactors, theoretical foundations of solution purification processes including sedimentation and crystallization methods, basics of designing crystallization units, separation and purification by surface absorption, replacement ionization and extraction with an organic solvent.
Discussions include theoretical aspects and new method